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Python standard library

The modules developers actually reach for, each documented member by member: exact outputs and error messages, pitfalls, and live in-browser demos verified against CPython.

Serialize Python objects to text and bytes, and read them back.

Turn bytes into ASCII text and back: Base64 (standard and URL-safe), Base32, Base16, Ascii85, Base85 and Z85.

Shallow and deep copies of any object — copy.copy, copy.deepcopy — plus copy.replace (3.13) for changing fields of immutable objects.

Read and write comma-separated (and tab-, semicolon- or pipe-separated) files correctly — quoted commas, doubled quotes and line breaks inside fields included.

Encode Python objects as JSON text and decode JSON back into dicts and lists — dumps, loads, dump, load.

import urllib.parse

Split URLs into parts and put them back together, resolve relative links, and percent-encode or decode text and query strings — urlsplit, urljoin, quote, urlencode, parse_qs.

Universally unique identifiers: random IDs with uuid4(), reproducible name-based IDs with uuid3()/uuid5(), and the UUID class that parses, compares and converts them.